The Great Demographic Reversal

Goodhart, a former Bank of England policymaker and LSE economist, and Pradhan, a former Morgan Stanley economist, argue that the disinflation of the past three decades was caused by a one-time expansion in the global supply of labour, and that this expansion is now reversing.

The historical claim is quantitative. Between roughly 1990 and 2018, the effective global labour force available to produce tradeable goods roughly doubled, through China's integration into world trade, the entry of the former Soviet bloc, the demographic bulge of working-age populations in developed countries, and rising female participation. This suppressed wage growth in developed economies, weakened labour's bargaining power, raised the return to capital, increased inequality within countries while reducing it between them, and produced the disinflation that central banks attributed to their own credibility.

The reversal follows from demography. China's working-age population is falling. Developed country populations are ageing and dependency ratios are rising. The authors argue this restores labour's bargaining power, raises wage growth, reduces inequality within countries, and produces structurally higher inflation and higher real interest rates. They argue further that dementia and long-term care costs will rise sharply and cannot be offshored or automated, that these costs fall on the state, and that combined with existing debt levels this creates a fiscal problem with no clean solution. They reject India and Africa as substitutes for China, arguing that neither can integrate labour into global manufacturing at comparable speed.

The book was published in 2020 and the inflation of 2021 to 2023 was widely read as supporting it, though the authors themselves would attribute that episode largely to pandemic supply disruption and fiscal transfers rather than to the demographic mechanism, which operates over decades. Critics argue that automation and artificial intelligence could substitute for the missing labour, that Japan's ageing produced deflation rather than inflation, and that the demographic effect on inflation is theoretically ambiguous because ageing reduces demand as well as supply.