Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan

Lillis, a journalist based in Kazakhstan for many years, wrote a portrait of the country during and immediately after Nursultan Nazarbayev's presidency, built from reporting across the country.

The political material covers the system Nazarbayev built after 1991: personal rule through a presidential apparatus, control of the media, the marginalisation of opposition through prosecution and exile, the elections that returned implausible majorities, and the family's position across business and government. Lillis covers the 2011 Zhanaozen events, in which police fired on striking oil workers, and the prosecutions that followed.

The economic material covers the oil dependence, the wealth concentrated among a small connected group, the sovereign fund and its management, and the offshore structures through which assets were held, which became visible through litigation and through leaks.

The social material is the strongest part and is what distinguishes the book from a political analysis. Lillis reports from across the country on questions the political coverage omits: the position of ethnic Russians in a state pursuing Kazakh national identity, the treatment of language, the legacy of Soviet nuclear testing at Semipalatinsk, the Aral Sea's destruction, the situation of ethnic Kazakhs returning from abroad, and the religious environment.

The book is journalism and does not attempt economic or political science analysis. It was published in 2019, shortly after Nazarbayev's resignation as president while retaining other positions, and before the January 2022 unrest that produced a violent crackdown and the removal of the Nazarbayev family from its remaining positions. Readers should treat it as a portrait of the system as it stood rather than as a current account.