Dictators Without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia

Cooley and Heathershaw, both academics specialising in Central Asia, argued that the region's regimes should not be analysed as isolated closed systems but as deeply integrated into global financial, legal and reputational networks.

The central claim rejects the standard framing. Central Asian states are usually described as remote, closed and disconnected. The authors show that their elites hold assets through offshore companies registered in the British Virgin Islands and elsewhere, bank in London, Dubai and Zurich, buy property in Western capitals, educate their children in Western universities, litigate against each other and against critics in London courts, and hire Western law firms, public relations agencies, lobbyists and consultants.

The cases include the Gulnara Karimova affair, in which the Uzbek president's daughter received several hundred million dollars from international telecommunications companies seeking market access, routed through offshore vehicles and eventually frozen by Swiss, Dutch and Swedish authorities; the Kazakhgate matter involving payments connected to oil concessions; and the movement of assets out of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

The analytical argument is that Western jurisdictions supply the infrastructure that makes this possible. Corporate anonymity, property markets that accept anonymous purchasers, libel law that permits reputational management through litigation, and professional services that ask few questions are all provided by states that simultaneously criticise the region's governance.

The book is academic and well sourced from court records, leaked documents and financial filings. It was published in 2017, before the beneficial ownership registers and sanctions developments of the following years, some of which addressed parts of what it describes. The general argument, that authoritarian wealth depends on Western financial and legal infrastructure, has been amply confirmed since.