Modern Security Analysis

Whitman and Diz present an alternative to the standard Graham and Dodd framework, arguing that conventional security analysis overweights earnings and the income statement and underweights the balance sheet and what Whitman calls resource conversion.

Their central claim is that a company should be analysed as a collection of assets and liabilities capable of being redeployed, sold, refinanced or reorganised, rather than as a stream of earnings. Whitman argues that most value creation in his experience came from resource conversion events, meaning mergers, spin-offs, refinancings, liquidations and changes of control, rather than from operating earnings growth, and that an analyst who values a company only on earnings power will systematically misprice companies with valuable assets and poor current results.

The technical material covers reading financial statements for what they disclose about asset values, understanding the difference between accounting conventions designed for creditors and those designed for equity holders, the tax consequences that determine which conversion transactions are feasible, and the legal framework of control, fiduciary duty and creditor rights that governs what management can actually do.

Whitman is combative about academic finance and about the efficient market framework, and the book restates positions from his earlier work. It is written for serious analysts and is dense with accounting and legal detail. Its weakness is that the resource conversion approach depends on transactions occurring, which the analyst does not control, and the book gives less guidance on timing and on the holding cost of being early than the approach requires.

Founder and Chairman, Third Avenue Management; portfolio manager, Third Avenue Value Fund 1990-2012

Four books plus three decades of unusually didactic shareholder letters built out safe-and-cheap and distress investing as a distinct branch of the value tradition.

Third Avenue Management