The City of London

Kynaston wrote a four-volume history of the City of London covering roughly 1815 to 2000, based on extensive archival work in the records of banks, brokers, exchanges and firms. The volumes are A World of Its Own, Golden Years, Illusions of Gold and A Club No More.

The method is narrative and social rather than analytical. Kynaston reconstructs how the City actually worked in each period: who the participants were, how business was transacted, what the physical spaces and daily routines were, how firms recruited and how relationships governed transactions. He uses diaries, letters and contemporary journalism heavily, so the books convey what participants thought was happening at the time rather than what historians later concluded.

The institutional history covers the merchant banks and their acceptance business, the discount market, the Stock Exchange's jobber and broker separation, the insurance market at Lloyd's, the Bank of England's evolving role and its informal governance of the City through what was called the Governor's eyebrows, the effect of two wars and of exchange controls, the eurodollar and eurobond markets that revived the City in the 1960s and 1970s, and Big Bang in 1986, which ended fixed commissions and the separation of capacity and led to the acquisition of most British firms by foreign banks.

The recurring theme is the transition from a closed community governed by reputation and informal sanction to a competitive international market governed by regulation and contract.

The scale is the difficulty: four volumes and several thousand pages. Kynaston does not offer economic analysis, so readers wanting explanations of why the City succeeded or failed at particular moments must supply their own. It is a reference and a source rather than a book to read through.

British financial historian; wrote the four-volume history of the City of London and the official history of the Bank of England.

Till Time's Last Sand records three centuries of Bank of England decisions from the institution's own archives, including the reasoning behind rate moves and rescues that later monetary policy was built on. The City of London documents how London's markets, firms and clearing arrangements actually operated between 1815 and 2000, at a level of detail no other account reaches.