Money, credit and inflation

How the London money market worked, and why a central bank lends freely in a panic.

An economist's first-hand analysis of Germany's inflation from 1914 to 1923.

The US money stock from 1867 to 1960, and how changes in it drove prices and income.

European finance from the Middle Ages on: money, banking, markets and public debt.

How the gold standard spread the Depression, and why leaving it early meant recovery.

Episodes from Yap's stone money onward showing that inflation comes from money.

Money between nations from the gold standard to floating rates and the euro.

Key academic papers on how the gold standard worked and why it broke down.

The Fed from 1913 to 1951, told from its own minutes and internal memos.

Hamilton's life from the West Indies to the Treasury and his duel with Aaron Burr.

How the dollar became the world's currency, what it gives the US, what may follow.

Sovereign borrowing from Italian city-states to the pandemic, and what it paid for.

Germany's 1914 to 1923 inflation, with a more sympathetic view of its policy.

Monthly data tested against explanations of Germany's 1919 to 1923 inflation.

The full political, social and economic history of Germany's 1914 to 1924 inflation.

Inflation across history, and which monetary and political regimes produce it.

The history of finance by instrument: credit, bonds, stocks, insurance and property.

The politics of the euro from postwar plans to its first decade.

The 1944 Bretton Woods conference as a contest between Keynes and Harry Dexter White.

Whether a nation's banks are stable or crisis-prone is decided by its politics.

Why bankers kept lending to Philip II of Spain despite four payment suspensions.

Finance as a technology that built civilisation, from clay tablets onward.

Sound money must hold value over time, and Bitcoin's fixed supply makes it such.

Disinflation came from a one-time surge in workers; ageing will reverse it.

The long-run purchasing-power series that grounds gold inflation-hedge claims.

US money from colonial paper to the Fed, read as bank-and-state booms and busts.

How Hong Kong's banks and bank crises shaped the miracle economy.

America's 1965-1982 inflation, its defeat under Volcker and what followed.

Working FX strategist on what actually moves the dollar.

Popular account of competitive devaluation as policy.

Modern retelling with more on the stabilisation and the Rentenmark.

First-hand accounts of trading, saving and pricing through the collapse; the modern companion to Fergusson.

The Bank of England from 1694, by its best narrative historian.

Insider account of the Fed from Burns through the QE era.

Subtitled A Modern Ever-Normal Granary; commodity-reserve currency plan.

Interest rates from Babylonian lending through Rome and Europe to modern bonds.

What Germany's 1921 to 1923 hyperinflation did to ordinary people's lives.

The 1970s disorder: the end of Bretton Woods, oil shocks and petrodollar loans.

The Volcker Fed from the inside; still the fullest political account.

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Eight centuries of price revolutions and what ended each one.

Gold from ancient Egypt and Lydian coins to the end of Bretton Woods.

Financial innovations, from Mesopotamian interest and Chinese paper money onward.

Hard-money argument for a return to a gold link.

Debt came before money and barter, and its history is one of forgiveness and revolt.

The Fed chair's memoir of his career at Treasury and the Fed, and beating inflation.

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Quantitative easing told through Thomas Hoenig's dissents.

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How the Federal Reserve was argued into existence, from the 1907 panic to 1913.