Benjamin Franklin: An American Life

Isaacson covers Franklin's full life: the Boston apprenticeship and flight to Philadelphia, the printing business and its franchise network, Poor Richard's Almanack, the retirement from business at forty-two to pursue science, the electricity experiments, the postal service, the colonial agency in London, the diplomacy in France that secured the alliance winning the Revolutionary War, and the Constitutional Convention.

The business material is unusually relevant for a founder. Franklin built a network of printing partnerships across the colonies, financing former apprentices in exchange for a share of profits, which was an early franchise structure. He retired from active management at forty-two while retaining the income, having deliberately built a business that ran without him. He created subscription libraries, a fire company, a hospital and a university through a repeatable method of forming associations rather than acting alone.

Isaacson emphasises Franklin's practical approach to virtue, including the thirteen virtues tracked on a chart, and his deliberate management of reputation, including cultivating the appearance of industry as well as its substance. His account of the Junto, a weekly self-improvement and civic discussion club, describes a mechanism many readers copy.

The treatment of Franklin's failings is present but light. He was largely absent from his family for decades, his relationship with his loyalist son William was destroyed, and he owned slaves before becoming an abolitionist late in life. Isaacson's argument that Franklin represents a distinctly American middle-class pragmatism is asserted more than demonstrated, and some historians consider it anachronistic. The book is long and comprehensive rather than analytical.

American biographer and professor of history at Tulane University; formerly editor of Time and chief executive of CNN and the Aspen Institute.

The biographies are built on long direct access - years of interviews with Jobs, then with Musk - and reconstruct how each subject decided, hired and treated the people around them. The Innovators does the same for computing, presenting it as a chain of collaborations rather than a sequence of lone inventions.

Tulane University, Amanpour & Company, Aspen Institute, CNN, Time