Strategy and Structure

Chandler studied the archives of DuPont, General Motors, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Sears Roebuck, and produced the founding work of business history as an academic discipline. Each company faced the same problem in the 1920s: a centralised functional organisation that worked while the firm made one product line for one market broke down once the firm diversified across products and geographies.

The finding is the book's famous thesis, that structure follows strategy. Firms first adopt a growth strategy, usually diversification driven by the need to use existing resources more fully, then encounter administrative overload, then invent a new structure to cope. In all four cases the answer was the multidivisional form, in which a general office handles capital allocation and long-range planning while autonomous divisions run their own operations with their own profit and loss. Chandler shows that the four firms arrived at the design independently and for the same reasons, which is what makes the argument structural rather than biographical.

The book matters to operators because it explains why organisational redesign lags strategy, sometimes by years, and why the lag is costly. It matters to investors because the divisional structure it documents is still the default for diversified corporations and the analysis of what the corporate centre should and should not do remains sharp. The thesis has been substantially qualified since: later scholars including Chandler himself allowed that structure also constrains strategy, and the multidivisional form itself has been criticised for encouraging conglomerate diversification that markets can do better. The evidence base is also four American manufacturers in one era.

Professor of business history at Harvard Business School; won a Pulitzer Prize for The Visible Hand and died in 2007.

Strategy and Structure established that firms adopt the multidivisional form once they diversify, and The Visible Hand showed how salaried managers displaced market coordination inside large American enterprises - the source texts for how conglomerates and holding companies are analysed. Scale and Scope extends the comparison to Britain and Germany and explains why different ownership patterns produced different corporate structures.

Harvard Business School, Johns Hopkins University