The Tycoons

Morris covers Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould and J.P. Morgan together, arguing that the four of them between them created the American industrial economy and that the standard moralising treatment of them misses what they actually built. He is a financial writer rather than an academic historian, and the book combines biography with an argument about industrial development.

The substantive claim is that the United States in this period achieved an unprecedented productivity transformation, and that each of the four contributed a distinct capability: Carnegie industrial cost accounting and vertical integration in steel, Rockefeller process efficiency and market organisation in oil, Gould financial engineering and the recognition that railroad securities were separable from railroad operations, and Morgan the rationalisation of over-built industries through consolidation and the imposition of financial discipline. Morris gives Gould more credit than most accounts do, treating him as a serious operator rather than only a manipulator.

Morris supports the argument with economic data, including a statistical appendix on American output and productivity relative to Britain. He argues that the American system of mass production and mass distribution was in place by the 1890s and that this, rather than any single fortune, is the story. The book is readable and better balanced than Josephson, though it is a synthesis rather than archival work, and specialists have noted that the four-biography structure forces some compression. It works best as the counterweight to the robber baron account.

Lawyer, banker and author on American finance and industrial history; died in 2021.

The Tycoons recounts how Carnegie, Rockefeller, Gould and Morgan assembled the industrial and financial structures of the American economy, with unusual attention to the financing and accounting they used to do it. The Sages compares the working methods of Buffett, Soros and Volcker against the crisis each of them read early.