What You Do Is Who You Are

Horowitz argues that culture is not a set of stated values but the behaviour that occurs when the leader is absent, and that it must be designed through specific practices rather than declared. He builds the book from four historical cases and extracts principles from each.

The cases are Toussaint Louverture, who led the Haitian revolution and reprogrammed a slave army's culture; Shaka Senghor, who ran a prison gang and later rebuilt its code; Miyamoto Musashi and the bushido code, which Horowitz uses to argue that virtues must be stated as actions rather than beliefs; and Genghis Khan, who built loyalty through inclusion and meritocracy across conquered populations.

The principles he extracts include the use of shocking rules, meaning a rule strange enough that everyone asks why it exists and therefore learns the underlying value; the requirement that leaders demonstrate the culture personally because employees watch behaviour rather than statements; the deliberate inclusion of outsiders to prevent cultural narrowing; the design of decision rules that force the values to be applied under pressure; and the necessity of matching culture to strategy rather than importing a culture that worked elsewhere.

He covers his own cases from Opsware and from Andreessen Horowitz portfolio companies, including the culture failures at Uber, which he analyses as values that were operative rather than aspirational. The historical readings are simplified and specialists in each period would object. The connection between the cases and the business lessons is looser than Horowitz claims. The core argument, that culture is what people do when nobody is watching and that stated values are irrelevant to it, is well made and hard to dispute.

Co-founder of Opsware/Loudcloud; co-founder and general partner, Andreessen Horowitz

The Hard Thing About Hard Things is the primary operator's text on running a company under duress, and his blog posts are the source most later management writing on startups cites.

Andreessen Horowitz, Opsware/Loudcloud